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Μήνυμα: <blockquote data-quote="Νικόλαος Καμπάνης - Mentor" data-source="post: 361" data-attributes="member: 4">[P]Odysseus speaks to old Laertes. Just yesterday, he has killed the suitors and taken refuge in the estate of the former king. Already, the suitors' parents have held a meeting and are heading against them to take revenge. Athena intervenes and transforms Laertes into a young and capable man. Those around him are impressed:[/P] … «Father, surely some god among the immortals  made you in appearance so noble in body for them to see you». To this, Laertes responded with emotion: «May Zeus, my father, and Athena and Apollo grant,  that when I took Nerikos, a well-built city,  leader of the Cephallenians on the coast of the land,  I myself had been yesterday in our own palaces  with armor on my shoulders, standing to fight  with the suitor men, whose knees I would also have bent  within the great hall, and you… you will ease your mind». … Odyssey ω΄ - 24. 373-382 The city of Nerikos in the Odyssey: [ATTACH=full]1674[/ATTACH] [P]In the photos, we see the well-built walls of the unknown, until now, city of Nērikon, which was conquered by Laertes when he was young and became king of the Cephalenians, uniting their strength and likely with the assistance of the Epeians of Elis and Dulichium.[/P][P]The so-called Cyclopean walls at Krani, Cephalonia, near Argostoli, at the end of the Koutavos lagoon, are the very same walls that once protected the city of Nērikon.[/P] [P]This identification was made by Nikos Livadas, who noticed the similarity of the names Nērikos and Nērīto, and because the city is at the foot of the mountain. One is the city and the other is the large, deeply shadowed, and magnificent mountain of Homeric Ithaca, namely Ainos.[/P][P]Odysseus speaks to old Laertes. He has just, yesterday, killed the suitors and taken refuge in the estate of the former king. The parents of the suitors have already held a meeting and are heading against him to take revenge. Athena intervenes and transforms Laertes into a young and vigorous man. Those around him are impressed:[/P][P]The suffix -ikos indicates origin from a maternal word, as we say Piraeus: Piraïkós, meaning it belongs to and derives from there. Therefore, the city of Nērikos also bears a name that comes from Mount Nērīto.[/P] [ATTACH=full]1675[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]1676[/ATTACH]Y[P]ou see, dear friends, in the photos, our unforgettable collaborator Nikos Livadas Toumasatos—my Homeric father—on the walls of Krani, and how proud he was of it, like Laertes. He even said in his book "Cephalonia, the Revelation of Homeric Ithaca. Homer and Odysseus the Cephalonians":[/P] [ATTACH=full]1677[/ATTACH] [P]“The long and well-built walls of this city stretch over a distance of 30 stadia, approximately 5.5 kilometers. The city of Nirikos is essentially located at the foot of Mount Niritos, that is, Ainos.[/P][P]A careful and thorough approach to the Homeric descriptions (i.e., by himself) brings to light findings that have remained unknown for 3,500 years and, most importantly, shows that the information left to us by the poet is confirmed.[/P][P]The mapping of Homeric places and islands creates a map that will be verified once the first findings are made, provided that the necessary conditions are fulfilled.”[/P] [ATTACH=full]1678[/ATTACH] [P]After two decades, we too follow in the footsteps of Nikos Livadas. One of our first approaches in this field was with Makis Livadas, and immediately after Nikos's death, with the philologist and writer Mrs. Angeliki Zolota.[/P] [ATTACH=full]1679[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]1680[/ATTACH] [P]Just as Makis followed his father, so too, that day, the tour was carried out with little Francisco capturing it with his camera.[/P][P]For us, this discovery holds the same value as the words of Laertes that we mentioned at the beginning… And the great success of taking control of this Nyriko city with the Kefallinians under his leadership.[/P] «... ‘‘ὦ πάτερ, ἦ μάλα τίς σε θεῶν αἰειγενετάων εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε ἀμείνονα θῆκεν ἰδέσθαι.’’ τὸν δ’ αὖ Λαέρτης πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα· ‘‘αἲ γάρ, Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον, οἷος Νήρικον εἷλον, ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, ἀκτὴν ἠπείροιο, Κεφαλλήνεσσιν ἀνάσσων, τοῖος ἐών τοι χθιζὸς ἐν ἡμετέροισι δόμοισι τεύχε’ ἔχων ὤμοισιν ἐφεστάμεναι καὶ ἀμύνειν ἄνδρας μνηστῆρας· τῶ κέ σφεων γούνατ’ ἔλυσα πολλῶν ἐν μεγάροισι, σὺ δὲ φρένας ἔνδον ἰάνθης.’’ ...» Odyssey 24(ω΄) 373-382 [ATTACH=full]1681[/ATTACH][P]... And one might ask, my dear friends, how and why we place both the city of Níriko and Philoítios opposite Homeric Ithaca, opposite Paliki, etc., mainly in the central part of Kefalonia and not, say, in Epirus?...[/P][P]This is what we do, we place them as “ἠπείροιο”, that is, on the mainland in front of Paliki. As for whether there was a connection between the Homeric word “ἤπειρος” and today's Epirus of Dodona and Ioannina, there is none! Because, on the one hand, when Odysseus found himself in Pheidon the Thesprotian, and on the other hand, when he visited Dodona itself, we never encountered this word.[/P] [P]In the Odyssey, the word “ἤπειρον” and its derivatives appear more than 19 times, five of which refer to arrival on Ithaca itself, even though, as is well known, it is not located in Epirus, four times referring to the main body of Cephalonia (our contentious points), six times when sailors land on islets and rock islets of the Odyssey's “Fictional” world, and only four times when they disembark on a mainland coast, some land, larger than Ithaca, e.g., among the Lotos-Eaters or the Cicones.[/P][P]So, let's take a look at all 19 points that "caught my eye."[/P][ATTACH=full]1682[/ATTACH] ἤπειρον - ἐπ᾿ ἠπείρου - ἠπειρόνδε - ἐν ἠπείρῳ - ἠπείροιο "...τῷ ἴκελος πολέεσσιν ὀχήσατο κύμασιν Ἑρμῆς. ἀλλ᾿ ὅτε δὴ τὴν νῆσον ἀφίκετο τηλόθ᾿ ἐοῦσαν, ἔνθ᾿ ἐκ πόντου βὰς ἰοειδέος ἠπειρόνδε ..."1. Hermes met Calypso on a small island. Coming ashore after hours of hardship, he found her sitting in the cave, combing, so to speak, her hair? ...weaving something?... Hermes resembled him as he passed over the waves. But when he finally reached the distant island, there he stepped from the violet-like sea onto the land ... Odyssey ε'(5) 54-56 "...τόφρα δ᾿ ἄρ᾿ οἰχόμενοι Κίκονες Κικόνεσσι γεγώνευν, οἵ σφιν γείτονες ἦσαν, ἅμα πλέονες καὶ ἀρείους, ἤπειρον ναίοντες, ἐπιστάμενοι μὲν ἀφ᾿ ἵππων..."2. ...The other Cicones who live inland attacked...... Then the Cicones ran to the Cicones to weep,  for they were many and brave neighbors,  they stayed deep inland, knowing the horses. ... Odyssey ι'(9) 47-49 "... αὐτὰς δ᾿ ἐσσυμένως προερέσσαμεν ἠπειρόνδε. ..."3. After the Cicones, a storm forced Odysseus's ships to hurriedly land on some island shore somewhere in the middle of the Aegean Sea...... And eagerly we launched them toward the mainland. ... Odyssey ι' 73 "... γαίης Λωτοφάγων, οἵ τ᾿ ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσιν, ἔνθα δ᾿ ἐπ᾿ ἠπείρου βῆμεν καὶ ἀφυσσάμεθ᾿ ὕδωρ, ..."4. ...Βγήκαν να αναζητήσουν νερό στη γη των Λωτοφάγων.... of the land of the Lotus-eaters, who eat food from flower blossoms, where we landed on a shore and drew water, ... Odyssey ι' 84-85When they are swept by the waves towards the island of the Cyclops, they head towards this land: "... ἐκλύσθη δὲ θάλασσα κατερχομένης ὑπὸ πέτρης· τὴν δ᾿ αἶψ᾿ ἠπειρόνδε παλιρρόθιον φέρε κῦμα, ..."5. ...The Cyclops got angry, threw the rock, and the tidal wave pulled the ship back to the shore...... The sea rose ahead as the stone fell; and the tidal wave immediately carried it toward the shore, ... Odyssey ι' 484-485 "... «‘σχέτλιε, τίπτ᾿ ἐθέλεις ἐρεθιζέμεν ἄγριον ἄνδρα; ὃς καὶ νῦν πόντονδε βαλὼν βέλος ἤγαγε νῆα αὖτις ἐς ἤπειρον, καὶ δὴ φάμεν αὐτόθ᾿ ὀλέσθαι. ..."6. ... '-Don't provoke Odysseus the Cyclops because he pulled us toward the shore and we will be lost'...... 'Wretch, why do you want to provoke the savage man? And now that he aimed at the sea, he sent the ship immediately back to the shore, and now we see that we are going to be lost .... Odyssey ι' 494-496Later, on a tiny rocky islet that resembles a ship, or maybe an aircraft carrier, they went ashore -  ἐπ᾿ ἠπείρου ! "... αὖτις ἐπ᾿ Αἰολίην νῆσον, στενάχοντο δ᾿ ἑταῖροι, ἔνθα δ᾿ ἐπ᾿ ἠπείρου βῆμεν καὶ ἀφυσσάμεθ᾿ ὕδωρ, ..."7. ... The winds brought them back to Aeolus's island ...... Again to the Aeolian island, the companions groaned (were mourning),  there we went ashore there and drew water, ... Odyssey κ'(10) 55-56 "... νῆα μὲν ἂρ πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσατε ἠπειρόνδε, ..."8. On the island of Circe, it might be Malta, it might just be a small peninsula, Cirkewwa, they pull the ship 'ἤπειρόνδε - towards the mainland'.... First of all, pull the ship onto the shore ... Odyssey κ' 403 "... ἔνθ᾿ οἵ γ᾿ εἰσέλασαν, πρὶν εἰδότες: ἡ μὲν ἔπειτα ἠπείρῳ ἐπέκελσεν, ὅσον τ᾿ ἐπὶ ἥμισυ πάσης, σπερχομένη: τοῖον γὰρ ἐπείγετο χέρσ᾿ ἐρετάων: οἱ δ᾿ ἐκ νηὸς βάντες ἐϋζύγου ἠπειρόνδε πρῶτον Ὀδυσσῆα γλαφυρῆς ἐκ νηὸς ἄειραν αὐτῷ σύν τε λίνῳ καὶ ῥήγεϊ σιγαλόεντι, κὰδ δ᾿ ἄρ᾿ ἐπὶ ψαμάθῳ ἔθεσαν δεδμημένον ὕπνῳ, ἐκ δὲ κτήματ᾿ ἄειραν, ἅ οἱ Φαίηκες ἀγαυοὶ ὤπασαν οἴκαδ᾿ ἰόντι διὰ μεγάθυμον Ἀθήνην. ..." 9+1. The scene where the Phaeacian ship reaches a beach in Odysseus' homeland of Ithaca, where it can be dragged halfway ashore with the momentum of the rowers, and which the Phaeacians have known since ancient times, exhibiting two features that only the beach of Atheras in northern Paliki, Cephalonia, possesses. They lay down Odysseus and the gifts, so few as a recompense for the total loss of the magnanimous (μεγάθυμων) Cephalonians who initially accompanied him to Troy: ... They entered there, where of course they had long known. And then that one dragged itself onto the shore, as much as it is from the whole half, from all the momentum. For the rowers had quick hands. And they too jumped from the level ship onto the shore. first lifted Odysseus from the hollow ship along with a linen cover and a shining cloak, and then placed him on the sand, wrapped in sleep, and they lifted up the belongings which the noble Phaeacians had given him as he went home, through thoughtful-hearted (μεγάθυμον) Athena. ... Odyssey ν'(13) 113-121 [ATTACH=full]1683[/ATTACH] "... ἦ πού τις νήσων εὐδείελος, ἦέ τις ἀκτὴ κεῖθ᾿ ἁλὶ κεκλιμένη ἐριβώλακος ἠπείροιο;» ..." 11. ... On that same beach where the Phaeacians left him, Odysseus does not recognize his homeland. He cannot tell whether he has landed on an island or fertile mainland. It seems that there were rich fields nearby, just like those next to the beach of Athira. ... Could it be that here is an island visible from everywhere, or a beach like the end of a fertile land in the sea?" ... Odyssey ν' 234-235 "... Ἦ γάρ οἱ ζωή γ’ ἦν ἄσπετος· οὔ τινι τόσση ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων, οὔτ’ ἠπείροιο μελαίνης οὔτ’ αὐτῆς Ἰθάκης· οὐδὲ ξυνεείκοσι φωτῶν ἔστ’ ἄφενος τοσσοῦτον· ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω. Δώδεκ’ ἐν ἠπείρῳ ἀγέλαι· τόσα πώεα οἰῶν, ..." 12+1. Eumaeus describes Odysseus' property. Here we notice for the first time that near Ithaca there is land with black soil!! where Odysseus' herds graze. Note: Not 'ἐριβώλαξ' but black, because the color is due not to fertility but to the black fir of Cephalonia, which he never actually calls Sami, not even once. ... For his wealth was certainly endless; not even anyone so much among heroes, not to dark mainland, nor to Ithaca itself; not even twenty people together could compare to one; yet I will recount it to you. There were twelve herds on the mainland; so many flocks of sheep, ... Odyssey ξ'(14) 96-100 "... ἢ τόν γ’ ἐν πόντῳ φάγον ἰχθύες, ὀστέα δ’ αὐτοῦ κεῖται ἐπ’ ἠπείρου ψαμάθῳ εἰλυμένα πολλῇ, ..."14. Eumaeus is now desperate. He does not believe that Odysseus will return.... or the fish ate him in the sea, and his bones lie wrapped in much sand on the shore, ... Odyssey ξ' 135-136 "... νῆα μὲν οἵ γε μέλαιναν ἐπ’ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν, ..." 15. Telemachus returned from Pylos at dawn. His companions left him at Athera, and shortly after noon they arrived at 'Οur port - Ημέτερο λιμένα' in the town of Ithaca, where they pulled the ship onto the shore. ... they certainly dragged the black ship onto the shore ... Odyssey π'(16) 325 "... Αἶψα δὲ νῆα μέλαιναν ἐπ’ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν, ..." 16. ... A little later, the envoys of the suitors also returned, who had not realized whether or when Telemachus had passed by Asteris. And they, at our harbor on the shore, hauled the ship onto the land "ἐπ’ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν". ... And suddenly they dragged the black ship onto the shore, ... Οδύσσεια π' 359 "... πέμψω σ’ ἠπειρόνδε, βαλὼν ἐν νηὶ μελαίνῃ, εἰς Ἔχετον βασιλῆα, βροτῶν δηλήμονα πάντων, ..."17. Here is a description of the mountain mass opposite Paliki (Homeric Ithaca), where Krani - Nirikos city is located. The inhumane King Echetus is a threat to someone they want to get rid of.... I will send you (across) to the mainland, having placed you on a dark ship, to King Echetus, destroyer of all mortals. ... Odyssey σ'(18) 84-85 "... ἐν δήμῳ· τάχα γάρ μιν ἀνάξομεν ἠπειρόνδε εἰς Ἔχετον βασιλῆα, βροτῶν δηλήμονα πάντων». ..."18. I do not know if the words 'οχετός' (drain), 'παροχέτευση' (conduit), 'αποχετευτικό' (sewage-related) and others like these are related to 'Έχετον'. If that were the case, it would mean that in the wider area of Kefalonia, where there are sinkholes, see Argostoli, Avythos, etc., Έχετος would have been based.... in the public assembly; for soon we shall lead him to the land to King Echetus, the destroyer of all mortals». ... Odyssey σ' 115-116 "... παῦροι δ' ἐξέφυγον πολιῆς ἁλὸς ἤπειρόνδε νηχόμενοι, πολλὴ δὲ περὶ χροὶ̈ τέτροφεν ἅλμη, ..." 19. The mutual feelings of Penelope and Odysseus, at the moment they recognized the signs and embraced happily, can only be compared to those of some rescued shipwreck survivors, that is, those who escaped Poseidon's revenge! ... but few escaped, swimming from the salt sea to the mainland, and much brine had been brewed upon their skin, ... Odyssey ψ΄(23) 236-237 «... οἷος Νήρικον εἷλον, ἐυκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, ἀκτὴν ἠπείροιο, Κεφαλλήνεσσιν ἀνάσσων, ..». 20. Η μεγάλη στεριά έναντι της Παλικής-Ομηρικής Ιθάκης φιλοξενεί και το αποτύπωμα της επιτυχίας του Λαέρτη, την κατάληψη μετά από πολιορκία της Νηρίκου πόλεως στην Κράνη με το τείχος των 5,5 χιλιομέτρων. Εκπληκτικός προσδιορισμός του Νίκου Λιβαδά Τουμασάτου.The large mainland opposite Paliki-Homeric Ithaca also hosts the mark of Laertes' success, the conquest after a siege of the city of Nerikos in Krani with its 5.5-kilometer wall. An amazing identification by Nikos Livadas Toumasatos. ... who captured Nerikon, a well-built citadel, on the coast of the mainland, ruling over the Cephallenians, ... Odyssey ω΄(24) 377-378[P]Ultimately, any shore we have in front of us to disembark, even on a small islet, in the Homeric dialect is called 'ήπειρος - continent', so this argument does not help any Ithaca to be superior to the others. All Ithacas have some land in front of them.[/P][P]However, it helps those Ithacas that for so many years had problems with the beaches of Acarnania, because it finally frees them from the 'web' of Acarnania and Palairos.[/P][P]No Odysseus, whether from Kefalonia or from Thiaki, needs to see Acarnania as a continent, which in fact is separated from Epirus by the Ambracian Gulf.[/P][P]Friends of the Lefkada theories, keep this land opposite to yourselves, it does not concern us.[/P] </blockquote>

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